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What Is Pain?

Aspirin -- The Most Deadly Of All Pain Killers

More Information About Aspirin

How does Acetylsaliclic acid work?

What is a headache?

Pain goes to the outer layer of the brain.

What is the outer layer of the brain?

Acetylsalicylic acid inhibits the synthesis of endogenous substances

Aspirin Regimen Therapy - Is it right for you?

Source

[Karl Note: The page below is as close as you can probably find to the official page for "aspirin."

If you try to copy this whole page from the original web source you'll find that your computer crashes. This is done deliberately by the Aspirin people in order to prevent their story from being copied and then presented along with critical analysis. One of the pages on this site ( http://www.aspirin.com/external_pain_en.html ) gives the following false information:

With the following link you will leave the Aspirin® websites!

http://www.pain.bayer.com

That link is NOT a valid address. I believe that the Bayer people deliberately make it hard to find official claims on their web site. If you know about web addresses, you CAN go there using http://pain.bayer.com .

Information on this and other pages may have been copied from other sources. The assertion is made, here, that the use of this information does not not constituted violation of the laws of copyright, in part because of the doctrine of fair comment, about a public entity and by a investigative researcher and author. This page presents information about Aspirin. This page, and other pages referring to it, comment fairly that Aspirin is a very harmful drug. That is the opinion of Karl Loren, voiced in these pages.

Even I was appalled at the lies and deceit of this page -- glowing the great benefits from the use of this deadly drug. It was "invented" long enough ago that it crept into our society before the FDA was even created -- so it has escaped the investigations by the FDA. The Aspirin people have spent billions of dollars on public relations to hide the fact that this one substance, improperly classified as a "non-prescription" drug, kills and harms millions of people every years.

Yes, I have taken Aspirin, and yes I regret that I have done so. You too can become a "recovered Aspirin user."

Since its market introduction under the trademark Aspirin® in the year 1899, acetylsalicylic acid has attained a leading position world-wide in the prescription-free therapy of painful, inflammatory and feverish states. The substance's tolerability and special pharmacological traits allow for an easy controlling of therapy.


International Aspirin® Award The winners of the International Aspirin® Award 2001 have been selected by the Advisory Board, an international panel of 11 renowned scientists from various medical disciplines and were presented on March 2, 2002 in Madrid, Spain. All necessary documents including the official requirements and 10 "golden" rules for a successful application of the next Aspirin® Award in 2003 are now available here.		Major Bayer research prize awarded for the seventh time Madrid - The International Aspirin® Award is already highly respected in the scientific community, and on March 2, 2002 it was presented for the seventh time in succession, this year in the Spanish capital Madrid, for outstanding research achievements focusing on acetylsalicylic acid (ASA), the active ingredient in Aspirin®. The International Aspirin® Senior Award 2002 goes to Prof. Aaron J. Marcus, Professor of Medicine and Pathology (fourth from left). The Young Researchers' Aspirin® Award was awarded to the pharmacologists Dr. Michael A. Saunders (extreme right) and Dr. James K. Hennan (second from left). Congratulating the winners were Gary S. Balkema, General Manager of Consumer Care at Bayer (extreme left), the chairman of the jury Prof. Jürgen Meyer and Francisco Belil Creixell, CEO of Bayer Hispania, S.A..

Source

[Karl Note: This section is billed by Bayer as an explanation of how aspirin works. That type of information is NOT on this page. I doubt if they know the truth about this in all their more than 100 years of selling this drug.

Acetylsalicylic acid acts in a pain relieving, anti-inflammatory, anti-pyretic and anti-thrombotic manner. It is particularly suited for the treatment of light to moderate states of pain or inflammation and fever. Typical areas of indication are headaches, migraine, dental pain, muscle- and joint ailments and fever, as are common with a cold, as well as menstrual discomforts. When dealing with infectious diseases of bacterial or viral origin, acetylsalicylic acid is able to lower the body's temperature.

An increased conglomeration of blood platelets and the resulting release of serotonin are characteristic for migraine attacks. Apart from relieving pain and being anti-inflammatory, this is another point of application for acetylsalicylic acid.

Source

Headaches are an almost everyday problem. More than two thirds of the population suffer, at least part of the time, from headaches. Some are even plagued with chronic headaches. Nausea, dizziness, impaired vision or speech can be unpleasant side effects. But one headache isn't quite like another. Scientists have identified 165 different types of headaches, where tension headaches and migraine attacks are responsible for roughly 92 percent of all headaches. On average they cause more than 30 sick days a year.

The people most frequently affected are those of middle age (20 to 40 years of age), following an occupation carried out in a writing-and-sitting fashion. Occasionally appearing tension headaches are experienced above all at the temples, forehead and around the neck region by those affected. Attacks can last for a few minutes upwards to, in the worst case, several days, and are felt as pressuring, pushing, pulling pains. The pains are described as "a weight bearing down on the head", as "a tight, pinching headband" or as "a dull, empty feeling".

Relatively little is know about the formation of headaches. Pain is relayed to the blood vessels and fine connective tissue on the brain's surface via free nerve endings. Brain tissue itself is not pain-receptive. Pain mediators possibly cause a kind of inflammation of the nerves which is then transmitted to the vessels of the meninges.

Source

Coverings (Meninges) of the Brain

There are several layers of tissue that separate your brain from the outside world. First, there is your skin (scalp). Beneath the skin is bone (your skull). Below the skull are three special coverings called the meninges. You may have heard of the illness called meningitis. Meningitis is an infection of the meninges.

The outer layer of the meninges is called the dura mater or just the dura. The dura is tough and thick and it can restrict the movement of the brain within the skull. This protects the brain from movements that may stretch and break blood vessels.

The middle layer is called the arachnoid. The inner layer, the one closest to the brain, is called the pia mater or just the pia.

The Coverings of the Brain

Here is an easy way to remember the order of the meninges:

"The meninges PAD the brain."

Pia; Arachnoid; Dura.

Source

Some 2.500 years ago already, Hippokrates, the forefather of all medical doctors, successfully treated pain and fever with the bitter extract of the willow bark. This extract contained a large portion of salicylic acid, the prototype of today's Aspirin®. Since then, salicylic acid and the later further developed acetylsalicylic acid has been successfully used in pain therapy.

However, the exact mechanism of acetylsalicylic acid's action was only discovered some thirty years ago by Sir John Vane. Acetylsalicylic acid inhibits the synthesis of endogenous substances, prostaglandins, which can, amongst others, activate and increase painful states. At the same time it was discovered, that prostaglandins' synthesis in blood platelets (thrombocytes) is inhibited by acetylsalicylic acid, by which a conglomeration of blood platelets (thrombocyte aggregation) is prevented.

With this, the spectrum for application was extended to prophylactic treatment of heart attacks and strokes as well as therapy thereof. Here, intake of the low acetylsalicylic acid dosage Aspirin® Protect is advised as a preventative measure against re-infarction, thrombosis and after coronary surgery. More recent studies even point to a potentially prophylactic effect in the emergence of cancer.

Source

Aspirin Regimen Therapy - Is it right for you?

Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death among men and women in the U.S. Each year, more than 500,000 Americans die of heart attacks and more than 150,000 deaths are caused by strokes. Cardiovascular disease causes more deaths than all cancers combined.

You can reduce your risk of heart attack and stroke with a healthier lifestyle. Ask your doctor what you can do to reduce high blood pressure and high blood cholesterol. Your doctor can tell you about the benefits of quitting smoking, losing weight, and exercising. Your doctor also can tell you whether you should take aspirin to prevent heart attack or stroke.

Can aspirin help prevent heart attacks or strokes?
Aspirin has been shown to reduce the risk of heart attacks or ischemic strokes (strokes caused by a blood clot) in certain people. Aspirin also may help people who suspect they are having a heart attack. Both men and women may benefit from aspirin use.

Is aspirin safe?
It is important that you talk to your doctor to help you decide if an aspirin regimen is right for you.

For most people, aspirin is safe when used as directed. But for some people aspirin can cause side effects. Some of these side effects, such as bleeding in the stomach or other bleeding, can be serious. This is usually due to long term use of high-dosage aspirin beyond traditional over-the-counter use.

Long term use of aspirin should be directed and monitored by your doctor.

Who should take aspirin to prevent heart attacks or strokes?
The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved the use of aspirin to reduce the risk of heart attacks and strokes in men and women who have had a heart attack or ischemic stroke or who are at high risk for them. Aspirin is not appropriate for everyone, so be sure to talk to your doctor before you begin an aspirin regimen.

If you have one or more of the following conditions, talk to your doctor about whether an aspirin regimen is right for you:

You have had a heart attack
You have previously had an ischemic stroke or a mini-stroke (transient ischemic attack)
You have angina
You have had certain heart procedures, such as angioplasty or a bypass operation

Should healthy people take aspirin to prevent heart attacks?
For healthy people without any symptoms of heart disease, the risks of an aspirin regimen may outweigh the benefits. If you have high blood cholesterol, diabetes, a family history of heart disease, or other major risk factors for a heart attack or coronary heart disease, talk to your doctor about what you can do to reduce your risk of heart attack and heart disease and whether an aspirin regimen is right for you. Your doctor will weigh your risk of heart attack or heart disease against the potential side effects of long-term aspirin use.

Should you take aspirin if you suspect you are having a heart attack?
Studies show that taking aspirin as soon as a heart attack is suspected may reduce the risk of death or complications from the heart attack. If you suspect you are having a heart attack, get emergency medical care immediately. Ask your doctor now if you should take aspirin if you think you are having a heart attack.

What are the possible side effects of long-term aspirin use?
A wide range of side effects may result from long-term aspirin use. These may include increased or prolonged bleeding, stomach or intestinal, and stomach ulcers. For most people, however, long-term aspirin use is safe when directed and monitored by a doctor.

Can aspirin prevent all kinds of strokes?
It is important to know that there are two kinds of strokes. An ischemic stroke is caused by a blood clot blocking the flow of blood in part of the brain. About 4 out of 5 strokes are ischemic. A hemorrhagic stroke is caused by bleeding from a burst blood vessel in the brain or on the surface of the brain. About 1 out of 5 strokes are hemorrhagic.

An aspirin regimen may help prevent a second ischemic stroke, but will not prevent hemorrhagic strokes. In fact, aspirin use slightly increases the risk of hemorrhagic stroke. If you have a history of stroke, make sure you know what kind of stroke you had. Talk to your doctor and make sure aspirin use is right for you.

Do other OTC drugs help treat or prevent heart attacks or strokes?
Aspirin is the only OTC drug that has been shown to prevent heart attack or stroke. Although acetaminophen (for example, Tylenol®), ibuprofen (Advil®, Motrin®IB), and naproxen sodium (Aleve®) are, like aspirin (Bayer®), good drugs for pain and fever, only aspirin has demonstrated a beneficial effect for heart attack and stroke prevention.

Who should avoid taking aspirin?
If you talk with your doctor about an aspirin regimen, ask if there is any reason not to take aspirin. Some people have conditions that aspirin may make worse. In general, your doctor will look at whether you have:

An allergy to aspirin or other salicylates
Asthma
Stomach ulcers or a history of ulcers
Inherited bleeding disorders (hemophilia) or acquired bleeding disorders (liver disease or vitamin K deficiency)
A hemorrhagic stroke (a stroke caused by bleeding in the brain)
Reduced liver or kidney function
Uncontrolled high blood pressure
Tell your doctor if you have three or more alcoholic drinks every day.

Aspirin can interact with other drugs you may be taking. For example, if you are taking a blood thinning medicine, such as heparin or warfarin, aspirin use can increase your risk of bleeding.

Talk to your doctor about all of your medications - both nonprescription (OTC) and prescription - before you begin an aspirin regimen.

Source

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